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We have developed solid state sensor technology that can provide an inexpensive, rugged,
solid-state device capable of measuring the concentration of multiple species (such as NO
and CO) in coal combustion exhaust. Our goal is to extend this technology to create a single
potentiometric (voltage output) sensor that is sensitive to multiple gasses (NOx, CO2, O2). Such
a sensor can be used to improve combustion control, resulting in both improved fuel utilization
and reduced emissions.
Our research has shown that the Mixed Potential Theory is insufficient for the NOx sensing
mechanism of sensors that employ metal oxide semi-conducting electrodes. We developed a
more comprehensive mechanism called the Differential Electrode Equilibria that produces a
more accurate model.
Publications
"Effect of Nanocomposite Au-YSZ Electrodes on Potentiometric Sensor Response to NOx and CO" T. Striker, V. Ramaswamy, E.N. Armstrong, P.D. Willson, E.D. Wachsman, and J.A. Ruud, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 181, 312-318 (2013).
"La2CuO4 Sensing Electrode Configuration Influence on Sensitivity and Selectivity for a Multifunctional Potentiometric Gas Sensor,” E. Macam and E. D. Wachsman, Sensors & Actuators: B. Chemical, 160, 957-963 (2011).
"Effect of La2CuO4 Electrode Area on Potentiometric NOx Sensor Response and Its Implications on Sensing Mechanism,” E. Macam and E. D. Wachsman, Sensors & Actuators: B. Chemical, 158, 304-312 (2011).
"The Effect of La2CuO4 Sensing Electrode Thickness on Potentiometric NOx Sensor Response,” E. Macam and E. D. Wachsman, Sensors & Actuators: B. Chemical, 157, 353-360 (2011).
"NOx Adsorption Behavior of LaFeO3 and LaMnO3+δ and its Influence on Potentiometric Sensor Response," E. N. Armstrong, T. Striker, V. Ramaswamy, J. A. Ruud, and E. D. Wachsman, Sensors & Actuators: B. Chemical, 158, 159-170 (2011).
“Highly Sensitive/Selective Miniature Potentiometric Carbon Monoxide Gas Sensors with Titania-Based Sensing Elements,” J. Y. Park, S. J. Song, and E. D. Wachsman, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 93, 1062-1068 (2010).
“Titania-Based Miniature Potentiometric Carbon Monoxide Gas Sensors with High Sensitivity,” J. Y. Park, A. M. Azad, S. J. Song, and E. D. Wachsman, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 93, 742-749 (2010).
“Electric-Field Effects in Solid-State Ionic Devices,” B. M. Blackburn, F. M. Van Assche, and E.D. Wachsman, ECS Transactions, 16-51, 355 (2009).
“Performance of Thermally Modified, Potentiometric Gas Sensor Array in Gas Mixtures,” B. M. Blackburn and E.D. Wachsman, ECS Transactions, 16-51, 339 (2009).
“Isotopically Labeled Oxygen Studies of the NOx Exchange Behavior of La2CuO4 to Determine Potentiometric Sensor Response Mechanism,” F. M. Van Asshe and E. D. Wachsman, Solid State Ionics, 179, 2225-2233 (2008).
"Investigation of WO3–Based Potentiometric Sensor Performance (M/YSZ/WO3, M = Pt, Au, Pd, and TiO2) with Varying Counter Electrode," J. Yoo, D. Oh, and E. D. Wachsman, Solid State Ionics, 179, 2090-2100 (2008).
"Multifunctional Gas Sensor Array With Improved Selectivity Through Local Thermal Modification," B. Blackburn and E.D. Wachsman, Solid State Ionic Devices V, ECS Transactions, E.D. Wachsman, F.H. Garzon, E. Traversa, R. Mukundan, and A. Manivannan, Ed., 11-33, 141-153 (2008).
"Isotopically Labeled Oxygen Studies of the Exchange Behavior of NOx over La2CuO4," F.M. Van Assche and E.D. Wachsman, Solid State Ionic Devices V, ECS Transactions, E.D. Wachsman, F.H. Garzon, E. Traversa, R. Mukundan, and A. Manivannan, Ed., 11-33, 155-179 (2008).
“Infrared and X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy of Adsorbates on La2CuO4 to Determine Potentiometric NOx Sensor Response Mechanism,” F. M. Van Assche, J. C. Nino and E. D. Wachsman, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 155, J198-J204 (2008).
"Effect of Electrode Microstructure on the Sensitivity and Response Time of Potentiometric NOx Sensors," B. White, S. Chatterjee, and E. D. Wachsman, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 91, 2024-2031 (2008).
"Investigation of La2CuO4/YSZ/Pt Potentiometric NOx Sensors with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy," B. White, E. Traversa, and E. D. Wachsman, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 155, J11-16 (2008).
"Non-Nernstian Planar Sensors Based on YSZ with a Nb2O5 Electrode," L. Chevallier, E. Di Bartolomeo, M. L. Grilli, M. Mainas, B. White, E. D. Wachsman and E. Traversa, Sensors & Actuators: B. Chemical, 129, 591-598 (2008).
“NO2/NO Response of Cr2O3- and SnO2-Based Potentiometric Sensors and Temperature-Programmed Reaction Evaluation of the Sensor Elements,” J. Yoo and E. D. Wachsman, Sensors & Actuators: B. Chemical, 123, 915-921 (2007).
"Sensing Properties and Selectivities of a WO3/YSZ/Pt Potentiometric NOx Sensor," J. Yoo, S. Chatterjee, and E. D. Wachsman, Sensors & Actuators: B. Chemical, 122, 644-652 (2007).
“A Theoretical Framework for Prediction of Solid State Potentiometric Gas Sensor Behavior,” B. M. White, E. Macam, F. M. Van Assche, E. Traversa and E. D. Wachsman, Chemical Sensors 7 and MEMS/NEMS 7, ECS Transactions, G. Hunter, S. Akbar, S. Bhansall, O. Brand, C. Bruckner-Lea, M. Carter, J. Davidson, E. Enlkov, P. Hesketh, R. Hillman, C. Kranz, J. Li, R. Maboudian, R. Mukundan, C. Roper, S. Shoji, A. Simonian, and M. Tabib-Azar, Ed., 3-10, 179-194 (2006).
"Sensing Properties of MOx/YSZ/Pt (MOx = Cr2O3, SnO2, CeO2) Potentiometric Sensor for NO2 Detection," J. Yoo, H. Yoon and E. D. Wachsman, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 153, H217-H221 (2006).
"Temperature-Programmed Reaction and Desorption of the Sensor Elements of a WO3/YSZ/Pt Potentiometric Sensor," J. Yoo, F. M. Van Assche, and E. D. Wachsman, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 153 (6), H115-121 (2006).
“Non-Nernstian Planar Sensors Based on YSZ with an Nb2O5 Electrode: Discussion on Sensing Mechanism,” L. Chevallier, E. Di Bartolomeo, M. L. Grilli, M. Mainas, B. White, E. D. Wachsman, and E. Traversa, Solid State Ionic Devices IV, ECS Transactions, E.D. Wachsman, F.H. Garzon, E. Traversa, R. Mukundan, and V. Birss, Ed., 1-7, 163-172 (2006).
“Electrical Characterization of Semiconducting La2CuO4 for Potentiometric Gas Sensor Applications,” B. M. White, F.M. Van Assche, E. Traversa and E. D. Wachsman, Solid State Ionic Devices IV, ECS Transactions, E.D. Wachsman, F.H. Garzon, E. Traversa, R. Mukundan, and V. Birss, Ed., 1-7, 109-120 (2006).
“Optimization of La2CuO4 Sensing Electrodes for a NOx Potentiometric Sensor,” E.R. Macam, F.M. Van Assche, J. Yoo and E. D. Wachsman, Solid State Ionic Devices IV, ECS Transactions, E.D. Wachsman, F.H. Garzon, E. Traversa, R. Mukundan, and V. Birss, Ed., 1-7, 121-130 (2006).
“Heterogeneous Catalytic Evaluation of Potentiometric La2CuO4 Sensor Electrodes,” F.M. Van Assche, J. Yoo, S. Chatterjee and E. D. Wachsman, Solid State Ionic Devices IV, ECS Transactions, E.D. Wachsman, F.H. Garzon, E. Traversa, R. Mukundan, and V. Birss, Ed., 1-7, 185-200 (2006).
“Potentiometric NOx Sensing Behavior, of Cr2O3-Based Sensor and TPR of the Sensor Element,” J. Yoo and E. D. Wachsman, Solid State Ionic Devices IV, ECS Transactions, E.D. Wachsman, F.H. Garzon, E. Traversa, R. Mukundan, and V. Birss, Ed., 1-7, 173-184 (2006).
“Selective Potentiometric Detection of NOx by Differential Electrode Equilibria,” E.D. Wachsman, Solid State Ionic Devices III, Electrochem. Soc., E.D. Wachsman, K.S. Lyons, M. Carolyn, F. Garzon, M. Liu, and J. Stetter, Ed., 2002-26, 215-221 (2003).
"Selective Detection of NOx by Differential Electrode Equilibria," E.D. Wachsman and P. Jayaweera, Solid State Ionic Devices II - Ceramic Sensors, Electrochem. Soc., E.D. Wachsman, W. Weppner, E. Traversa, M. Liu, P. Vanysek, and N. Yamazoe, Ed., 2000-32, 298-304 (2001).
"Solid State Chemical Sensors for CO," A.M. Azad and E.D. Wachsman, Solid State Ionic Devices II - Ceramic Sensors, Electrochem. Soc., E.D. Wachsman, W. Weppner, E. Traversa, M. Liu, P. Vanysek, and N. Yamazoe, Ed., 2000-32, 455-466 (2001).
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